Elliptic curve multiplication is a type of function that cryptographers call a "trap door" function: Reload to refresh your session. If nothing happens, download Xcode and try. If you are building a wallet, allow the use of an incompatible version of the Berkeley DB library. SPV or Simplified Payment Verification is a method for verifying particular transactions were included in a block without downloading the entire block. I owe thanks to John Dix and John Gallant, who gave how does local bitcoin work andreas antonopoulos bitcoin book my first writing job as a columnist at Network World and to my editor Michael Cooney and my colleague Johna Till Johnson who edited my columns and made them fit for publication. Early digital currencies used a central clearinghouse to settle all transactions at regular intervals, just like a traditional banking. It is approximately 10 77 in decimal. For the purposes of this book, we will be demonstrating the use of a variety of downloadable bitcoin clients, from the reference implementation Bitcoin Core to mobile and web wallets. This item: However, it looks different from the uncompressed public key. Copyright Andreas M. The amount of bitcoin created per block is fixed and diminishes with time. Much of it is reasonably complex and requires programming background, but the book does not require you to actually be plugging code into a command line to appreciate the insights and explanations. Physical money addresses the double-spend issue easily because the same paper note cannot be in two places at. An unordered collection of so how do you make bitcoin through mining coinbase cant send litecoin without id that are not in blocks in the main chain, but for which we have input transactions. For comparison, the visible iota coinbase how to dash bitcoin is estimated to contain 10 80 atoms. Since the invention of public key cryptography, several suitable mathematical functions, such as prime number exponentiation and elliptic curve multiplication, have been discovered. Alice uses her smartphone to scan the barcode on display. Bitcoin is a highly sophisticated decentralized trust network that can support myriad financial processes. How to use antminer how to use antminer u3 on nicehash default this is the. Anyone with a basic understanding of technology can read the first two chapters to get a great understanding of bitcoin.
How Bitcoin Works. Amazon Rapids Fun stories for kids on the go. The response includes the reference to the transaction in which this unspent output is contained the payment from Joe and its value in satoshis, at 10 million, equivalent to 0. Importantly, a wallet application can construct transactions even if it is completely offline. The input to this transaction was the output from a previously confirmed transaction shown as the vin txid starting with a35fe. Jumping from transaction to transaction we can follow a chain of transactions back as the coins are transmitted from owner address to owner address. Exchange-rate listing services, such as BitcoinAverageoften show a list of bitcoin exchanges for each currency. My first language and schooling was Greek, so I had to take a remedial English writing course in my first year of university. The problem of coping with this type of failure is expressed antminer s9 software antminer s9 vs gtx 1080 ti as the Byzantine Generals Problem. This prevents a mistyped bitcoin address from being accepted by the wallet software as a valid destination, an error that would otherwise result in loss of funds. Completed changelog. Jing is a computer engineering student in Shanghai. Alice will need 0. Saifedean Ammous. Timelocks feature prominently in many Bitcoin contracts, including payment channels and hashed timelock contracts. Refers to keeping a reserve of bitcoin offline. Share your thoughts with other customers. There's a problem loading this menu right .
ScriptPubKey or Pubkey Script, is a script included in outputs which sets the conditions that must be fulfilled for those satoshis to be spent. However, the public key can be calculated from the private key, so storing only the private key is also possible. But the whole point of an application programming interface is to access functions programmatically. Edited dedication. In these cases, the counterfeiting and double-spend issues are handled by clearing all electronic transactions through central authorities that have a global view of the currency in circulation. Refers to keeping a reserve of bitcoin offline. If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the permission given above, feel free to contact us at permissions oreilly. Mining creates new bitcoin in each block, almost like a central bank printing new money. Many are designed for simplicity and ease-of-use, but there are also fully featured mobile wallets for power users. To comment or ask technical questions about this book, send email to bookquestions oreilly. Apr 23, Tags are used by the developers to mark specific releases of the code by version number. In bitcoin, most of the data presented to the user is Base58Check-encoded to make it compact, easy to read, and easy to detect errors. Most transactions require a minimum fee of 0. Mar 5,
It is inadvisable to store large amounts of bitcoin on third-party systems. I do not recommend bitcoin as an investor or speculator. Mostly about programming and crypto programming. Mar 3, Use this on memory-constrained nodes to reduce the size of the in-memory transaction pool. This is a very murky area informationally, and I was frankly shocked at just how good this book is. LevelDB is a light-weight, single-purpose library for persistence with bindings to many platforms. The private key must remain secret at all times, because revealing it to third parties is equivalent to giving them control over the bitcoin secured by that key. English ASIN: For each output, we show the recipient address and value. Below this value, the transaction is treated as zero fee. Edit the configuration file in your preferred editor and set the parameters, replacing the password with a strong password as recommended by bitcoind. Every 10 minutes on average, miners generate a new block that contains bitcoin miner apk is gpu mining profitable the transactions since the last block. Get unlimited access to videos, live online training, learning paths, gtx 1080 bitcoin can you sell your bitcoin gold, tutorials, and .
Feb 2, East Dane Designer Men's Fashion. Deals and Shenanigans. Use it to reduce memory use of the node. Note The bitcoin network can transact in fractional values, e. I repeatedly got stuck and a bit despondent as I struggled to make the topic easy to understand and create a narrative around such a dense technical subject. These are libraries that must be present on your system before you can begin to compile bitcoin. The result is a block hash, which is described in more detail in the following chapters. Unlike traditional currencies, bitcoin are entirely virtual. If you're familiar with other O'Reilly Press programming books, it might be less surprising that this is exceedingly well-written, extremely useful, and incredibly enlightening, but still I was taken aback at the depth and quality of this book. Transactions, Blocks, Mining, and the Blockchain. As these are seen by the bitcoin network nodes, they get added to a temporary pool of unverified transactions maintained by each node.
Transactions are bundled into blockswhich require an enormous amount of computation to prove, but only a small amount coinbase when does week restart stratis coinbase computation to verify as proven. My father, Menelaos, a civil engineer who just published his first book at 80 years old, was the one who taught me logical and analytical thinking and a love of science and engineering. Two years later, after creating a number of small startups to explore hashflare timeout on purchase hashflare.io riped me off bitcoin-related services and products, I decided that it was time to write my first book. The command line allows us to experiment interactively with the capabilities that are also available programmatically via the API. Alice sees the wallet on her screen, as shown in [mycelium-welcome] note: Most wallets keep track of all the available outputs belonging to addresses in the wallet. You can confirm that Bitcoin Core is correctly installed by asking the system for the path of the executables, as follows:. Programming the Open Blockchain by Andreas M. New license bitpay replacement card how to pay on coinbase the book, as negotiated with the publisher O'Reilly m…. See [mining] for a detailed explanation. It does not become part of the blockchain until it is verified and included in a block by a process called mining. I am forever grateful. Amazon Rapids Fun stories for kids on the go.
The result is that the number of bitcoin in circulation closely follows an easily predictable curve that approaches 21 million by the year Nerd money! The algorithm for proof of work involves repeatedly hashing the header of the block and a random number with the SHA cryptographic algorithm until a solution matching a predetermined pattern emerges. Customers who viewed this item also viewed. Within a few seconds about the same amount of time as a credit card authorization , Bob sees the transaction on the register, completing the transaction. Back to top. Mining uses electricity to solve a mathematical problem. Cryptography means "secret writing" in Greek, but the science of cryptography encompasses more than just secret writing, which is referred to as encryption. The Internet of Money. Mar 2, Multisignature multisig refers to requiring more than one key to authorize a Bitcoin transaction. Programming Bitcoin: Hashlocks have the useful property that once any hashlock is opened publicly, any other hashlock secured using the same key can also be opened. This book represents the efforts and contributions of many people. Editorial Reviews About the Author Andreas is a passionate technologist, who is well-versed in many technical subjects. The secpk1 bitcoin elliptic curve can be thought of as a much more complex pattern of dots on a unfathomably large grid. To resolve this issue, when private keys are exported from a wallet, the WIF that is used to represent them is implemented differently in newer bitcoin wallets, to indicate that these private keys have been used to produce compressed public keys and therefore compressed bitcoin addresses. This allows the importing wallet to distinguish between private keys originating from older or newer wallets and search the blockchain for transactions with bitcoin addresses corresponding to the uncompressed, or the compressed, public keys, respectively. Any bitcoin network node other client that receives a valid transaction it has not seen before will immediately forward it to other nodes to which it is connected. At this point Bob can assume, with little risk, that the transaction will shortly be included in a block and confirmed.
One final note: All the miners participating in that mining pool immediately start computing Proof-of-Work for the candidate block. Maintain an index of all transactions. These four bytes serve as the error-checking code, or checksum. Joe then selects Send on his smartphone wallet and is presented with a screen containing two inputs:. This item: A Hashlock is a type of encumbrance that restricts the spending of an output until a specified piece of data is publicly revealed. Aimed at programmers or technical enthusiasts so definitely requires a bit of background-knowledge, but gives a very in-depth overview of many aspects of the Bitcoin ecosystem. The Internet of Money Kindle Edition. At this point Bob can assume, coinbase email not arriving gatehub trading fees little risk, that the transaction will shortly be included in a block and confirmed. Issuers of paper money are constantly battling the counterfeiting problem by using increasingly sophisticated papers and printing technology. I've said it already, but it bears repeating that cryptocurrency books vary widely in quality and frequently toe the line of marketing rather than informing. Bob can now spend the output from this and other transactions. An alternative location for the configuration file. Satoshi Nakamoto is the name used by the person or people who designed Bitcoin and created its original reference implementation, Bitcoin Core. Antonopoulos, Back to top. Next, we will look at how keys are generated, stored, and managed. Note The bitcoin network can transact in fractional values, e. A Hashed TimeLock Contract or HTLC is a class of payments that use hashlocks and timelocks to require that the receiver of a payment either acknowledge receiving the payment prior to a deadline by generating cryptographic proof of payment or forfeit the ability to claim the payment, returning it to the payer.
Yet, each node in the bitcoin network follows a few simple mathematical rules. Jimmy Song. A transaction type relayed and mined by default in Bitcoin Core 0. Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1. The journey to becoming an author starts long before the first book, of course. However, where bitcoin touches traditional systems, such as currency exchanges, national and international regulations often apply. With each example, we will provide a URL that takes you directly to the relevant entry, so you can study it in detail. This signature can only be produced by someone with knowledge of the private key. You can confirm that Bitcoin Core is correctly installed by asking the system for the path of the executables, as follows:. A grouping of transactions, marked with a timestamp, and a fingerprint of the previous block. Compare that to the amount reported by a block explorer site by searching for the block hash or height. There was a problem filtering reviews right now. Offline storage is also often referred to as cold storage. If this happens because you missed a prerequisite, you can install it and then resume the build process from where you left off. During the compilation process you should see output every few seconds or every few minutes, or an error if something goes wrong. From the private key, we use elliptic curve multiplication, a one-way cryptographic function, to generate a public key K.
Cryptography can also be used to prove knowledge of a impact of bitcoin bread bitcoin without revealing that secret digital signatureor prove the authenticity of data digital fingerprint. From the resulting byte hash hash-of-a-hashwe take only the first four bytes. In the most specific sense, a paper wallet is a document containing all of the data necessary to generate any number of Bitcoin private keys, forming a wallet of keys. You can copy the hex returned by getrawtransaction and paste it as a parameter to decoderawtransaction:. Skip to content. However, the private key is identical for both bitcoin addresses. In this chapter we will introduce some of the cryptography used in bitcoin to control ownership of funds, in the form of keys, bitcoin health care how to make a paper ethereum wallet, and wallets. Share your thoughts with other customers. I repeatedly got stuck and a bit despondent as I struggled to make the closing time for bitcoin trading ethereum gui grinder review easy to understand and create a narrative around such a dense technical subject. The wallet may be stored by the user or by third-party servers, but all transactions go through a third party. The digital keys are not actually stored in the network, but are instead created and stored by users in a file, or simple ethereum mining for mac 21000 ethereum gas, called a wallet. Issues, Errors, Trezor model t cold coin wallet, Contributions If you know how to make a pull request to contribute a fix, please write the correction and use a pull request to submit it for consideration antminer litecoin bittrex spray the libertarians cryptocurrency crypto mining os branch. Before compiling the code, select a specific version by checking out a release tag. We use the getblockhash command, which takes the block height as the parameter and returns the block hash for that block:. This book really shows how a transaction works, how blockchain works, and why we need it--along with a history and and thorough introduction of bitcoin that could explain it to someone that knows nothing of distributed ledger technology. Fork, also known as accidental fork, occurs how does local bitcoin work andreas antonopoulos bitcoin book two or more blocks have the same block height, forking the block chain. As more miners started joining the bitcoin network, the difficulty of the problem increased rapidly. The transactions form a chain, where the inputs from the latest transaction correspond to outputs from previous transactions. Information about Mastering Bitcoin as well as the Open Edition and translations are available on:
Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1. Bitcoin uses elliptic curve multiplication as the basis for its cryptography. Most wallets keep track of all the available outputs belonging to addresses in the wallet. RPC stands for Remote Procedure Call, which means that we are calling procedures functions that are remote on the Bitcoin Core node via a network protocol. To be robust against intervention by antagonists, whether legitimate governments or criminal elements, a decentralized digital currency was needed to avoid a single point of attack. Read more. Each miner starts the process of mining a new block of transactions as soon as he receives the previous block from the network, knowing he has lost that previous round of competition. There is nothing sensitive, from a security perspective, about the bitcoin address. The secpk1 bitcoin elliptic curve can be thought of as a much more complex pattern of dots on a unfathomably large grid. To visualize multiplication of a point with an integer, we will use the simpler elliptic curve over real numbers—remember, the math is the same. Mastering Bitcoin: Edited copyright. Bitcoin can be purchased, sold, and exchanged for other currencies at specialized currency exchanges. Stay ahead with the world's most comprehensive technology and business learning platform. Run Bitcoin Core with the option printtoconsole to run in the foreground with output to the console:. Shopbop Designer Fashion Brands. Daniel Drescher. ScriptPubKey or Pubkey Script, is a script included in outputs which sets the conditions that must be fulfilled for those satoshis to be spent. Each transaction contains one or more "inputs," which are like debits against a bitcoin account.
For more information, please visit http: Jing is buy bitcoins with bank account deposit latest news on bitcoin mining in the bitcoin network as a miner. As more miners started joining the bitcoin network, the difficulty of the problem increased rapidly. Code Examples: Transmitting the transaction. Any participant in the bitcoin network i. Thank you all for your support; without you this book would not have happened. Different wallets may use different strategies when aggregating inputs to make a payment requested by the user. The resulting WIF-compressed format starts with a "K. Specifically, cryptographic digital signatures enable a user to sign a digital asset or transaction proving the ownership of places that accept bitcoin map scrypt litecoin asset. Approximately 19 minutes later, a new block,is mined by another miner. A Timelock is a type of encumbrance that restricts the spending of some bitcoin until a specified future time or block height. The private key must remain secret at all times, binance label coinbase how to create eth vault revealing it to third parties is equivalent to giving them control over the bitcoin secured by that key.
He has built a "mining" rig to mine for bitcoin using his engineering skills to supplement his income. In order to represent long numbers in a compact way, using fewer symbols, many computer systems use mixed-alphanumeric representations with a base or radix higher than However, I did want to have a clear understanding of bitcoin and the blockchain. I recommend this book to anyone who wants to understand bitcoin technology. On the other side of the transaction, there are one or more "outputs," which are like credits added to a bitcoin account. To add extra security against typos or transcription errors, Base58Check is a Base58 encoding format, frequently used in bitcoin, which has a built-in error-checking code. The hashing examples alone are a great source of for a developer to use in practicle applications, escpecially if one is trying to create block chain applications for a specific industry. Satoshi Nakamoto withdrew from the public in April , leaving the responsibility of developing the code and network to a thriving group of volunteers. Bitcoin is such a system, decentralized by design, and free of any central authority or point of control that can be attacked or corrupted. Answering a question by citing this book and quoting example code does not require permission. Soon, Jing and other miners upgraded to more specialized hardware, such as high-end dedicated graphical processing units GPUs cards such as those used in gaming desktops or consoles. A blockchain explorer is a web application that operates as a bitcoin search engine, in that it allows you to search for addresses, transactions, and blocks and see the relationships and flows between them. The inputs and outputs debits and credits do not necessarily add up to the same amount. We also see various statistics about the bitcoin network and the settings related to this client.
Mastering Bitcoin provides the knowledge. Not to be confused with Coinbase transaction. Subsequent chapters will delve into the technology behind wallets, mining, and merchant systems. A bitcoin wallet application that runs as a full-node client actually contains a copy of every unspent output from every transaction in the blockchain. In a typical payment channel, only two transactions are added to the block chain but an unlimited or nearly unlimited number of payments can be made between the participants. However, people often use the term to mean any way of storing bitcoin offline as a physical document. The relationship between k and K is fixed, but can only be calculated in one direction, from k to K. These mathematical functions are practically irreversible, meaning that they are easy to calculate in one direction and infeasible to calculate in the opposite direction. Chapters Chapter 1: This is very similar to how people handle cash. The amount of bitcoin created per block is limited and diminishes with time, following a fixed issuance schedule. Instead, outputs add up to slightly less than inputs and the difference represents an implied transaction fee , which is a small payment collected by the miner who includes the transaction in the ledger. Next, we compute the "double-SHA" checksum, meaning we apply the SHA hash-algorithm twice on the previous result prefix and data:. Six or more confirmations is considered sufficient proof that a transaction cannot be reversed. Do not buy if you are looking for an introduction. By default, the local copy will be synchronized with the most recent code, which might be an unstable or beta version of bitcoin. The bitcoin address is the only representation of the keys that users will routinely see, because this is the part they need to share with the world. Launching Xcode Edited appdx-bips.
Next, we compute the "double-SHA" checksum, meaning we apply the SHA hash-algorithm twice on the previous result prefix and data:. The wallet may be stored by the user or by third-party servers, but all transactions go through a third party. The digital keys are not actually stored in the network, but are instead created and stored by users in a file, or simple database, called a wallet. Removed all references to blockexplorer. Most, however, present a compromise by taking control of the bitcoin keys from users in exchange for ease-of-use. The list of tags shows all the released versions of bitcoin. Download ZIP. This book gives a great explanation as to how bitcoin works, which is something that is limited with other methods of learning about bitcoin. Unlocking Digital Cryptocurrencies. Hexadecimal and raw binary formats are used internally in software and rarely shown to users. More than of his articles on security, cloud computing and data centers have been published in print and syndicated worldwide. This represents a transfer of value between Alice and Bob. Next, you will compile the source code, a process that can genesis mining stock rate hashflare code 2019 up to an hour to complete, depending on the speed of your CPU and available memory. What other items do cryptocurrency exchanges down how do i buy direct bitcoin buy after viewing this item? The emergence of viable digital money is closely linked to developments in cryptography. Below this value, the transaction is treated as zero fee.
While tracking a transaction through the bitcoin network to the blockchain, we will use a blockchain explorer site to visualize each step. To comment or ask technical questions about this book, send email to bookquestions oreilly. In the next section we will see how a transaction becomes part of a new block and how the block is "mined. Go. Antonopoulos, on my personal site: This opensource ios ethereum wallet wings reddit crypto not explicit in the transaction; it is implied by the difference between inputs and outputs. Running a node, however, requires a permanently connected system with enough resources to process all bitcoin transactions. Product details File Size: Before Alice can buy bitcoin from Joe, they have to agree on the exchange rate between bitcoin and US dollars. Amazon Rapids Fun stories for kids on the go. Rather, the useful property of asymmetric cryptography is the ability to generate digital signatures. This shows a node running Bitcoin Core version 0. Chapters Chapter 1: The sender of a transaction often includes a fee to the network for processing the requested transaction. Ownership of bitcoin is established through digital keysbitcoin addressesshapeshift transaction id gatehub issues digital signatures. The transaction also contains proof of ownership for each amount of bitcoin inputs whose value is being spent, in the form of a digital signature from the owner, which can be independently validated by. By convention, release candidateswhich are intended for testing, have the suffix "rc.
Feb 21, The result is composed of three items: Learn more about Amazon Giveaway. The transactions form a chain, where the inputs from the latest transaction correspond to outputs from previous transactions. Get unlimited access to videos, live online training, learning paths, books, tutorials, and more. His computer runs a copy of bitcoind, the reference bitcoin client, as a backend to his specialized mining software. Sign up. Joe will use his wallet to convert the price automatically before sending bitcoin to Alice. This book gives a great explanation as to how bitcoin works, which is something that is limited with other methods of learning about bitcoin. He immediately creates a new block, fills it with transactions and the fingerprint of the previous block, and starts calculating the Proof-of-Work for the new block. Segregated Witness is a proposed upgrade to the Bitcoin protocol which technological innovation separates signature data from Bitcoin transactions. This is definitely a book for people who already have a programming or computer science background. You can follow my Patreon page here: Latest commit f30d May 14, In this chapter, we will trace a single transaction as it travels across the network and examine the interactions between each part of the bitcoin system, at a high level. As you can see, the first time you run bitcoind it tells you that you need to build a configuration file, with at least an rpcuser and rpcpassword entry. You signed in with another tab or window. Before compiling the code, select a specific version by checking out a release tag.
Would you like to tell us about a lower price? An attribution usually includes the title, author, publisher, and ISBN. There is a mathematical relationship between the public and the private key that allows the private key to be used to generate signatures on messages. This compressed public key corresponds to the same private key, meaning it is generated from the same private key. He immediately creates a new block, fills it with transactions and the fingerprint of the previous block, and starts calculating the Proof-of-Work for the new block. To mitigate this risk, companies accepting traditional electronic payments in return for bitcoin usually require buyers to undergo identity verification and credit-worthiness checks, which may take several days or weeks. One of the best technical books about blockchain technology I have ever come across. We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. Fixed broken link to rpcuser. If an error occurs, or the compilation process is interrupted, it can be resumed any time by typing make again. All the code snippets can be replicated on most operating systems with a minimal installation of compilers and interpreters for the corresponding languages. Get unlimited access to videos, live online training, learning paths, books, tutorials, and more. Mostly about programming and crypto programming. The first few drafts of the first few chapters were the hardest, because bitcoin is a difficult subject to unravel. Edited ch Each of these commands may take a number of parameters. The wallet may be stored by the user or by third-party servers, but all transactions go through a third party. Notice that the "payload" of the compressed key is appended with the suffix 01 , signalling that the derived public key is to be compressed:. However, I did want to have a clear understanding of bitcoin and the blockchain. Unlike email addresses, you can create new addresses as often as you like, all of which will direct funds to your wallet.
Yet, each node in the bitcoin network follows a few simple mathematical rules. The sender of a transaction often includes a fee to the network for processing the requested transaction. Being a developer myself, I always favor books that have simple, straight to the point code examples. A blockchain explorer is a web application that operates as a bitcoin search engine, in that it allows you to search for addresses, transactions, and blocks and see the relationships and flows between. Enabled Word Wise: Not to be confused with Coinbase transaction. Because paper checks do not need to specify an account, but rather use an abstract name as the recipient of funds, they are very flexible payment instruments. As these are seen by the bitcoin network nodes, they get added to a temporary pool of unverified transactions maintained by bitcoin to litecoin price digibyte total supply node. Open source means more than simply free to use. He pays his electricity costs by selling the bitcoin he is able to generate from mining, creating some income from the profits. Transactions are added to the new block, prioritized by the highest-fee transactions first and a few other criteria. Recently she has discovered bitcoin and wants to use it to reach a whole new group of foreign and domestic donors to fundraise for her charity. This type of transaction is sometimes used by commercial entities to distribute funds, such as when processing payroll payments to japan controlling 70 of cryptocurrency blocks of bitcoin to practice on employees. Therefore, to distinguish between the two possible values of ywe store a compressed public key with the prefix how does local bitcoin work andreas antonopoulos bitcoin book if the y is even, and 03 if it is odd, allowing the software to correctly deduce the y coordinate from the x coordinate and uncompress the public key to the full coordinates of the point. Is this feature helpful?
Bitcoin addresses are derived from a public key using a one-way function. Learn How to Program Bitcoin from Scratch. Fantastic book if you want to learn what Bitcoin is and how it works. Pooled mining is a mining approach where multiple generating clients contribute to the generation of a block, and then split the block reward according the contributed processing power. Nerd money! A pricing service will aggregate the prices from several markets and calculate a volume-weighted average representing the broad market exchange rate of a currency pair e. This is especially important when a wallet application is importing private keys from another bitcoin wallet application, because the new wallet needs to scan the blockchain to find transactions corresponding to these imported keys. I have read a lot of books on Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, and the quality of this one simply blows all the others out of the water. The difficulty of the processing task that miners must perform is adjusted dynamically so that, on average, someone succeeds every 10 minutes regardless of how many miners and how much processing are competing at any moment. The Open Assets Protocol is an evolution of the concept of colored coins.